Although slave imports accounted for most of the population growth in the seventeenth century and continued to be a significant factor until the federal government abolished the legal importation of slaves in 1808, natural population growth was the more important of the two factors over the long run. This remarkable growth was the result of two factors: (1) continued importation of new slaves from Africa and the Caribbean and (2) natural population growth, especially among American-born slaves, who lived longer lives and bore more children than African-born slaves. In 1790, the first census of the United States counted 697,624 slaves. 1 From that small beginning, the slave population grew rapidly. and odd Negroes’ captured from a Portuguese slave ship to Point Comfort, Virginia for sale, marking the conventional date of origin of African slavery in British North America. In August 1619, the English privateer White Lion brought a cargo of ‘20.
history, including shortly after the ratification of the Constitution in 1788 and at the start of the American Civil War in 1861. A concluding discussion highlights a few descriptive statistics historians might find useful, including the cumulative number of slaves who lived in the United States by decade and the proportion of slaves who were living at various moments in U.S. slave population and indicate that approximately 10 million slaves lived in the United States, where they contributed 410 billion hours of labor. The results highlight the importance of natural increase to the rapid growth of the U.S. Estimates of the number of births and slave imports are provided in ten-year increments between 16 and in one-year increments between 18.
This research note describes the growth of the slave population in the United States and develops several new measures of its size and growth, including an estimate of the total number of slaves who ever lived in the United States.
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